Identification of Threats and Its Evaluation in each Situation

Questions: 1. For each Situation, Identify and Evaluate any threats in relation to Auditor Independence.2.Identify any Safeguards to those threats Identified above Assignment. 3.In relation to the Purchasing of Equipment and Spare Parts, Describe two Business risks to MSL that Crampton and Hasaad will Consider in Planning the 2015 Audit.4.For each Business risk Identified in 1 describe a Specific Audit Risk that Could arise. Answers: 1.Identification of Threats and Its Evaluation in each situation Chris - Situation 1 The situation implies that there is the clear threat of promotion or advocacy. The presence of these threats is followed by the pressure which is imposed on the auditor to promote the company, its goods and its services to the public in lieu of which the auditor will have the financial or non financial interest in an organization. The same has been happened in this situation, the auditors were asked to promote the company in an open seminar otherwise the firm will lose the audit engagement. The evaluation will depend on the degree of the negative effect imposed on the integrity and objectivity coupled with the independence of the auditor. Chris - Situation 2 The situation implies that there is the threat of self interest. The self interest may be financial or non financial. It occurs when the company gives some extra benefits to maintain the healthy relationships and to get the audit done very smoothly. The same has happened in this situation as the auditor has got the complementary fourteen days package of the audit partner and family. The evaluation will depend on the acceptance of the complementary gift by the auditor. If its accepted with full spirit then the risk will be high. Michael Situation 3 The situation implies that the threat of familiarity or threat of intimidation exists. It occurs when the member of the audit team has direct or indirect relationship with the officers or directors of the company and there are chances of having the audit observation resolved due this relation. The same has happened in this situation where Michael father is the Finance Controller of the company. The evaluation will depend on nature of the relationship and trust therein. In this situation, risk is high. Annette Situation 4 The situation implies that there is threat of self review. This type of threat occurs when the same person has been selected and engaged as member of audit team who has done the services other than the audit towards the same company. The same has happened in this situation as Annette has performed the accounting and taxation work of the same company for two months. Therefore, there will be possibility that Annette might leave some mistakes or correct some mistakes during the audit knowing that this is hers fault. The evaluation of threat will depend on the presence of the mistakes and its materiality and its correction by the member of audit team (ICAEW,2015). 2.Safeguards for situation posing threats to independence The safeguards of maintaining the auditor independence has been defined in three parameters: From the acts, laws and rules and regulations thereinCreated within the audit firm andCreated by the audit client (Livine,2015) The safeguards under the said parameters are listed therein:Code of conduct shall be formulated for the auditors of the company detailing the work that shall be done keeping in consideration the maintenance of objectivity, integrity and independence.Requisite experience shall be given to the professionals or member of audit team before entering into the work area.Creating the provision where the non audit service to the client shall be restricted to the extent which will not hurt the independence of auditor.Creating the system where the member needs to disclose if he or she has relationship with any officers or employees of the company or has worked earlier with the company with different work other than audit. Governance system of the company shall be strong enough where the complementary benefits or any other kind of financial or non financial interest to be provided to the auditors of the company shall be prohibited 3.Business Risks In relation to the purchase of equipment made by the company, two business risks have been identified:First business risk is pertaining to the main equipment. The supplier company has not provided any provision for getting the equipment replaced if any manufacturing defect is come to the notice of the company or its customers within the given period of time or not provided any provision for warranty for the equipment. The company has only provided the warranty for spare parts and that too for one year. It shows that in case of purchase made in bulk and if customer returns the same on account of the manufacturing defect or improper working then the company will be in total loss clubbed with affecting the going concern presumption (Becker,2015).Second risk that the company will face is the loss of stock during the transportation from port to factory and from the UK, USA and China port to the Australia port. The risk is mainly due to the insufficient information about whether the loss o f stock if any occurs during the transit from overseas to port will be borne by the company or by the supplier. If it will have to be borne by the company then the company will again be in the situation of loss (EY, 2016 4.Risks in Audit The following risks have been identified for the business risks discussed above: First risk that pertains to the non provision of warranty is Detection risk. Detection risks occur when the auditor is not able to check and verify certain event or transactions due to non availability of relevant information. Further the risks will continue even after the auditor applies the substantive and compliance procedures to know the causes and effects of the event or transaction that has happened he is not able verify the same. The account balances that may be affected by this type of risk are provision made for warranty, provision made for replacement or provision for loss of stock (Becker,2015). Second risk that will be faced in the second situation is the risk of inherent. This risk implies that the company is facing with the inherent limitations which have been originated since its incorporation and the first purchase and have been continued till date. Due to the inherent limitation the company does not have any documents supporting that the loss of stock if any occurs during transit will be borne by the supplier. Thus, these types of limitations have generated inherent risk. The account balances may include the stock, debtors and creditors (Becker,2015) References: Becker E, (2015), Audit Risk vs. Business Risk, available at https://www.osyb.com/blog/small-business/audit-risk-vs-business-risk/ accessed on 25/04/2017. EY, (2016), Top 10 Business Risks, available at https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-business-risks-in-mining-and-metals-2016-2017/%24FILE/EY-business-risks-in-mining-and-metals-2016-2017.pdf accessed on 26/04/2017. ICAEW, (2015), Reviewing Auditor Independence, available at https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/audit-and-assurance/audit/guidance-for-audit-committees/reviewing-auditor-independence.ashx accessed on 26/04/2017 Livine G, (2015), Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies, available on https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full accessed on 27/04/2017

Business Intelligence in SMEs Analytical Processing

Question: Discuss about the Business Intelligence in SMEs for Analytical Processing. Answer: Introduction Business Intelligence is nothing but the umbrella term that refers to various applications of software utilized for analyzing the raw data of a particular organization (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). In other words, as a discipline, Business Intelligence is made up of various related services or activities such as the querying, reporting, online analytical processing as well as data mining (Luhn, 2014). This particular report has the prime aim to portray the fact how the business intelligence play a key role in the implementation of the business operations of especially the small and medium sized enterprises. Therefore, this report includes a case study on CapaBungas business operation with the help of which this report evaluates the successfulness of the product after the incorporation of the business intelligence solution in their business operations of the Bison Analytics. This report provides a brief overview of the entire case study made on CapaBunga. Therefore, this report also p ortrays the features of the QuickBooks accounting software package, with the help of which all the business operations of CapaBunga are performed. On the other hand, based on this case study, this report sheds light on the role or the impact of the business intelligence on the business operations of the small and medium organizations. Therefore, this study also focuses on the identification and the analysis of the consequences with the business intelligence in the businesss.es. However, at the end of this report, few important and effective recommending strategies have been briefly illustrated with the help of which the shortcomings of business intelligence can be addressed. Case Study Description CapaBunga is a reusable cap made up of silicon that can reseal a wine bottle after the removal of the cork. Two winery owners invented CapaBunga in the wine country of Northern California (CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics, 2016). Mire Murphy and Walt Averill have taken their inspiration from the bungs those are utilized for sealing barrels at the time of making wine. This product has simplified the storage of wine in a great manner. However, the emphasis of CapaBunga on simplification didnt end there. CapaBunga is enjoying their enhancing growth. The products of this organization are catching on worldwide, along with France (CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics, 2016). It has brought about their next few significant as well as very crucial challenges such as managing the commission structure as well as managing the inventory items for their wide array of rep groups. Primarily, the only way through which, the organization was capable of getting this particular detail from QuickBooks was for spending many hours with the spreadsheets laboring for finding the exact data items as well as getting every data item into the proper field on their spreadsheets (CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics, 2016). Walt called on Bison Analytics for helping him for getting the information of management that he required from his QuickBooks file. The Bison System was quickly capable of giving Walt the analytics of QuivkBooks that he required for running his business of selling CapaBunga with the help of the extraction of the QuickBooks data with its industry-leading software. According to Walt, they have become much more now than the past days. They have received two custom reports of QuickBooks from the Bison Analytics (CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics, 2016). The first report can be capable of managing their inventory by separating the individual parts of inventory from the inventory assemblies so that they have a proper number of sales by state and by item. The second report is regarding their detailed summary of the commission for their industry reps. Walt has continued getting the proper data out of the QuickBooks is very difficult to do. The most important thing is that Bison System has considerably streamlined their work. They also know that the numbers are reliable as well as accurate with the help of this particular approach. Walt can be able to manipulate the information for viewing it anyway (CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics, 2016). He also wants to see it in his dashboards and reports. Therefore, it all runs on controlling cruise and he gets these important reports just the way he wants to see them every day. The Chief Executive Officer or CEO of Bison Analytics, Kurt Steckel has noted the fact that the use of CapaBunga of the Bison System is precisely why they have implemented the system. On the other hand, with a few key indicators, a cookie-cutter would not support their explosive development. Bison Analytics have brought an entirely QuickBooks business intelligence solution as well as customizable QuickBooks Analytics to the developing businesses (CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics, 2016). Bison Analytics can enable the businesses for creating the proper reports that they require. The Bison System is actually in a distinct league. Therefore, they can unlock their data by permitting them for using their data however they would like. Thus, Walt has agreed with the point that, the Bison System is working very well and the people working with this system are easy for working with. He also considered that it is a great improvement for them over the tedious spreadsheets they were doing. Influence of QuickBooks in Business Intelligence Many of the businesses utilize the accounting data in terms of creating financial statements for several business aspects. Therefore, the similar data have also been utilized for assessing the performance of the business of CapaBunga, monitoring trends as well as identifying scopes of improvement for the business operations of the organization (Anandarajan, Anandarajan Srinivasan, 2012). These insights of business are very crucial in order to guide the fact-based decisions as well as the strategic thinking of the business activities of CapaBunga. The reporting app such as Fathom used by Bison Analytics can convert its QuickBokks online data into the useful business intelligence so that the business can see how well exactly the business of CapaBunga is performing as well as take action while required (Chaudhuri, Dayal Narasayya, 2011). By connecting reporting app with the QuickBooks account of the business, Bison Analytics is capable of evaluating the growth, cash flow, profitabilit y, revenue as well as the other key performance indicators for helping this business to become more profitable (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). The QuickBooks can provide the business an opportunity for gaining in-depth insights with the key performance indicators of the business activities or operations of CapaBunga. The Key Performance Indicator is the value that is can be measured for demonstrating the fact how an organization can effectively is achieving a major business objectives (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). Therefore, choosing the proper key performance indicators for a business depend on the industry as well as which part of the business the organization desire to improve (Cody et al., 2012). The financial KPIs can help the business of CapaBunga for assessing the financial health as well as performance of the business (Dhar Stein, 2014). The key performance indicators often are grouped into categories such as growth, cash flow, efficiency, activity as well as profitability. On the other hand, the non-financial Key Performance Indicators are employed typically for measuring the common functions of business such as marketing as well as sales, staff information, operations, production and the customer service (Golfarelli, Rizzi Cella, 2014). Therefore, the Key Performance Indicators should be reported as well as monitored to be effective and it can be done with the help of a reporting system of the QuickBooks file. The business can spot where the performance of the business requires improvement as well as take necessary steps of correcting the wrong business activity with the help of the reporting system of the QuickBooks file. Apart from that, the business of CapaBunga can drive few important aspects of the business in order to accomplish the business goals of the organization. The QuickBooks can simply help to set the boundaries, recognize the work-life balance, plan for the future business operations as well as consider other utilities as well (Howson Hammond, 2014). The QuickBooks simply utilize the aspect of the business intelligence that BI can increase the inventory control for understanding the reason of investment in the business intelligence tools in inventory control. Importance of the implementation of Business Intelligence in Small and Medium Enterprises Business Intelligence is nothing but the umbrella term that refers to various applications of software utilized for analyzing the raw data of a particular organization (Turban et al., 2013). In other words, as a discipline, Business Intelligence is made up of various related services or activities such as the querying, reporting, online analytical processing as well as data mining (Dhar Stein, 2014). Therefore, the organizations utilize the Business Intelligence in terms of improving decision making process, cutting costs as well as identifying the opportunities of new business. Business Intelligence is more than just the corporate reporting as well as more that the set of numerous tools for coaxing data out of the enterprise systems (Golfarelli, Rizzi Cella, 2014). CIOs utilize the Business Intelligence in terms of identifying the inefficient processes of business those are ripen for re-engineering. The business folks can jump in as well as begin analyzing data themselves with the help of the Business tolls of todays world rather than waiting for IT for running the reports of complex. The democratization of the access of information can help the users back up with the difficult numbers as well as the decisions regarding the business that would be based otherwise only on the gut feelings as well as ancedotes (Moss Atre, 2013). Therefore, the Business Intelligence can hold great promise, implementations can also be dogged by the cultural as well as technical challenges. Executives have to assure that the data feeding applications of Business Intelligence is consistent as well as clean so that the users of the Business Intelligence can easily trust it (Chaudhuri, Dayal Narasayya, 2011). For the Small as well as the Medium sized organizations, Business Intelligence can play a significant role in establishing their business processes. The small as well as the medium size companies can represent the huge majority of all the organizations. These can make a contribution to the innovation, the creation of job as well as the economic growth of an organization (Vitt, Misner Luckevich, 2012). Therefore, for the small and medium sized enterprises, the adoption of the solutions of the Business Intelligence has really become important in the todays hyper-competitive markets where the companies are seeking for becoming more efficient, proactive as well as agile in the processes of making effective decisions for the development of the business processes of a particular organization (Cody et al., 2012). In the last few years, the necessity that has been implemented regarding the incorporation the solutions of IT in order to help in the process of making effective and significant decisions as well as the usage of the tools of Business Intelligence are identified by the most of the entrepreneurs. In todays technological world, it has become clear that the information systems play a major role in order to enable the small and medium enterprises for becoming more competitive in the business world (Lnnqvist Pirttimki, 2016). The tools of business Intelligence can have numerous advantages for businesses with the emphasis increase in the communication among the users, ease of the access to information as well as the decrease in the process of information distribution (Anandarajan, Anandarajan Srinivasan, 2012). On the other hand, the information is available in the real time, flexibility as well as versatility in order to adapt the reality of the organization and is helpful in the decision making process (Michalewicz et al., 2016). Moreover, the Business Intelligence can bridge several users as well as systems that have to access information by giving an environment that facilitates the access to information required for the regular activities and by doing that it allows the company for analyzing the perform ance of business. The Business Intelligence can significantly drive the small as well as the medium organizations for attaining the tangible advantages such as the cost savings as well as ROI and the intangible benefits, which are just as important (Larson, 2015). In addition, the Business Intelligence can minimize the decision latency by integrating as well as consolidating information from several sectors, also can store this particular information is structured, which are easier for analyzing and accessing as well (Jourdan, Rainer Marshall, 2014). The major or the top five intangible advantages recognized are the more efficient processes, improved decisions, better strategies as well as better information. An integrated as well as adequate Business Intelligence solution can implement the competitive advantage required for the small and medium enterprises to become successful. Moreover, the small and medium enterprises those have implemented already a Business Intelligence tool realized the fact th at are now more capable of facing the competitive market environment as well as can more effectively compete (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). The successful businesses of the small and medium enterprises carefully manage the bottom line of the business and always are conscious about the business investment value. The companies require the robust planning tools in terms of becoming more competitive like business intelligence for deriving effective and accurate decisions regarding business. The small as well as the medium enterprises can also improve the key performance indicators and can also be more competitive as well as successful in the market (Anandarajan, Anandarajan Srinivasan, 2012). These tools simply enhance the long term profitability as well as ensure that the crucial and important information is not overlooked and ignored. Challenges of Business Intelligence Along with the huge advantages, Business Intelligence has few challenges as well as shortcomings for the organizations in order to conduct their business operations in todays rapidly growing business world (Howson Hammond, 2014). The common challenges of the Business Intelligence highlight few interesting issues faced by the organizations while it comes to the production of the management reports. Delivering the self-service analysis or reporting One of the most crucial as well as significant issues with the conventional tools of business intelligence is that they are very complicated for using. Few individuals with an organization can only know how to operate the business intelligence tools (Isik Jones Sidorova, 2013). The Bottlenecks can be formed around these major individuals as well as it can also slow down the entire process of reporting. Analyzing or reporting across several systems the second biggest as well as the most crucial challenge faced by the organization is reporting or analyzing across several systems. These days, most of the organizations have collected already a huge bulk of data surrounding the business activities or operations (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). The consequence is that this particular data is spread often over the various systems as well as software, which makes it hard for bringing together. Process of unlocking data buried in systems if an individual has the data in place already as well as he or she knows there it is, it doesnt mean necessarily that it is accessible easily (Watson Wixom, 2012). Getting at the information as per the requirement, it can become tremendously painful process while the data is actually buried in the complicated software as well as systems. Reducing the production costs of reports - The costs can spiral out of control very easily, with the traditional projects of Business Intelligence (Liautaud Hammond, 2015). The individuals need to fork out for all the ongoing support as well as maintenance costs along with these tools. Derivation of the Mobile Business Intelligence It is not surprising for seeing that there is a huge demand for the mobile business intelligence as the mobile devices are changing constantly (Turban, Sharda Delen, 2011). The senior executives as well as the busy managers can be capable of accessing the insights they require while they require them, wherever, they are on the range of various devices. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion After the entire discussion made in this report it can be seen that the major effectiveness of the Business Intelligence is associated with the successful implementation of the business processes of various organizations especially the small and medium sized organizations. The Business Intelligence tools are becoming essential for the business activities of the organizations to be performed. Therefore, the shortcomings of the business intelligence solutions should be removed as well as overcome so that these tools can successfully implement the business operations of all the organizations all over the world. The important fact is that overcoming the shortcomings with the business intelligence can effectively help the small and medium sized enterprises to implement their business operations. Recommendations Delivering the self-service analysis or reporting The businesses should make an investment in a self-service tool of business intelligence with the help of which the business can easily overcome the challenges delivering self-service analysis by proving power to those people who need it really. The companies those democratize the utility of these tools over the business by making them more user friendly and by achieving a remarkably high ROI on their investments as an outcome. Analyzing or reporting across several systems The businesses should exact data from these several sources as well as bringing these sources together into a centralized data warehouse can make it very easy for gaining reliable as well as quick insights. Process of unlocking data buried in systems The individuals in the business organizations should be capable of manipulating as well as transforming it into the correct shape very easily. Individuals can easily clean their data and can get it into the exact shape and apply any rules or calculations of business by utilizing an effective ETL process and a data warehouse. Reducing the production costs of reports - There should a fixed prices set up fee with the cloud based Business Intelligence as well as all ongoing costs are should be covered under the price of the subscription made in a monthly basis. Reference list Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A., Srinivasan, C. A. (Eds.). (2012).Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Business Media. CapaBunga and the Bison System for QuickBooks Analytics. (2016).Bisonanalytics.com. Retrieved 1 October 2016, from https://bisonanalytics.com/more/case-studies/capabunga-quickbooks-analytics/?nabe=4853591734484992:1 Chaudhuri, S., Dayal, U., Narasayya, V. (2011). An overview of business intelligence technology.Communications of the ACM,54(8), 88-98. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), 1165-1188. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), 1165-1188. Cody, W. F., Kreulen, J. T., Krishna, V., Spangler, W. S. (2012). The integration of business intelligence and knowledge management.IBM systems journal,41(4), 697-713. Collins, J. C. (2014). 11 Tips to Optimize QuickBooks Reporting: With Proper Guidance, CPAs Can Help Their Clients and Companies Use QuickBooks to Implement an Efficient and Effective Financial Reporting Routine.Journal of Accountancy,218(3), 64. Dhar, V., Stein, R. (2014).Seven methods for transforming corporate data into business intelligence(pp. 126-148). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Golfarelli, M., Rizzi, S., Cella, I. (2014, November). Beyond data warehousing: what's next in business intelligence?. InProceedings of the 7th ACM international workshop on Data warehousing and OLAP(pp. 1-6). ACM. Howson, C., Hammond, M. (2014).Successful business intelligence: Unlock the value of BI big data. McGraw-Hill Education. Isik, ., Jones, M. C., Sidorova, A. (2013). Business intelligence success: The roles of BI capabilities and decision environments.Information Management,50(1), 13-23. Jones, D., Jones, M. (2016). Using QuickBooks Accounting Software to Improve Financial and Production Records for Better Decision Making. In2016 Annual Meeting, February 6-9, 2016, San Antonio, Texas(No. 229772). Southern Agricultural Economics Association. Jourdan, Z., Rainer, R. K., Marshall, T. E. (2014). Business intelligence: An analysis of the literature 1.Information Systems Management,25(2), 121-131. Larson, B. (2015).Delivering Business Intelligence. New York. Liautaud, B., Hammond, M. (2015).e-Business intelligence: turning information into knowledge into profit. McGraw-Hill, Inc.. Lnnqvist, A., Pirttimki, V. (2016). The measurement of business intelligence.Information systems management,23(1), 32. Luhn, H. P. (2014). A business intelligence system.IBM Journal of Research and Development,2(4), 314-319. Michalewicz, Z., Schmidt, M., Michalewicz, M., Chiriac, C. (2016).Adaptive business intelligence(pp. 37-46). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Moss, L. T., Atre, S. (2013).Business intelligence roadmap: the complete project lifecycle for decision-support applications. Addison-Wesley Professional. Siegel, D. J. (2013). Charting a New Financial Course: Using QuickBooks to Analyze and Shape Your Practice.Law Prac.,39, 38. Turban, E., Sharda, R., Delen, D. (2011).Decision support and business intelligence systems. Pearson Education India. Turban, E., Sharda, R., Aronson, J. E., King, D. (2013).Business intelligence: A managerial approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Vitt, E., Misner, S., Luckevich, M. (2012).Business intelligence. Microsoft Press. Watson, H. J., Wixom, B. H. (2012). The current state of business intelligence.Computer,40(9), 96-99.

Sparta And Athens Essay Research Paper Sparta free essay sample

Sparta And Athens Essay, Research Paper Sparta and Athens Sparta and Athens are like apples and oranges ; the same but different. Both are fruit grown on trees in the instance of the apples and oranges, and both are city states in Greece in the instance of Athens and Sparta. Apples and oranges have clearly different gustatory sensations, textures and spirits. Athinais and Sparta had markedly different types of beginnings, societal category, authorities and military history. In this paper both similarities and differences between Athens and Sparta will be explored, so as to larn the existent truth about these two antediluvian city-state giants. The beginnings of these two city states have some similarities and some differences. What started as two uninhabited little packages of land ended up as Athinais and Sparta. Around 3000 B.C. the Mycenaeans inhabited Athens. Mycenaean regulation lasted for 2900 old ages. From 1100 B.C. to 950 B.C. , the Dorians invaded Athens along with other Mycenaean city states. We will write a custom essay sample on Sparta And Athens Essay Research Paper Sparta or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mycenaean regulation and civilisation were destroyed. Athinais survived the Dorian invasions and developed into an advanced city state. The city-state Sparta was formed as a consequence of the Dorian invasions. In 900 B.C. , 50 old ages after Athens was invaded, the Dorians invaded Laconia in southeasterly Greece, destructing about all of the little small towns. In 800 B.C. many Dorian small towns banded together to organize Sparta ( Encyclopedia Vol. 4 ) . Sparta was the ideal topographic point for the development of a military because it had natural protective barriers ; mountains in the North, E, and west. The development of societal category and authorities in Sparta and Athens had a long route that had many bumps before the two city states reached their concluding end or finish. How each city state took the bumps separated one city state from the other. Sparta s societal category was foremost made of two male monarchs who were posterities of the Dorian male monarch. In 735 B.C. the Spartans invaded Messenia, doing its people the lowest category of citizens, serfs. Sparta used Messenia s fertile land for farming. The income generated from agriculture was used addition the nobilities wealth, doing Sparta more powerful. In 600 B.C. one hundred 35 old ages after Sparta conquered Messenia, Sparta developed a fundamental law which gave power to the seniors of the nobility. Sparta s fundamental law called for town meetings which gave male non-aristocratic citizens 35 old ages of age and older the chance to blackball statute law proposed by the male seniors of the nobility. ( Encyclopedia Vo l. 4 ) The seniors of the nobility reported to the two male monarchs who controlled the Spartan ground forces. In 669 B.C. Sparta suffered its first licking, doing the serfs to revolt. The serfs outnumbered the nobility seven to one. After old ages of combat, the rebellion was put down ; the serfs were defeated. After the rebellion, Sparta made a drastic alteration and shifted to a military province, in which rights of the persons were secondary to the good of Sparta. Land was divided every bit among big work forces, who in bend served as foot. This was done to forestall any more helot rebellions. Following the rebellion, there were still two male monarchs, but nobility was dismantled because land was divided every bit among all the grownup males. The lone difference between the nobility, in-between category and the serfs was that the nobility had a somewhat higher topographic point in the armed forces than the in-between category and serfs. In 700 B.C. a Grecian hero, Theseus, united Athens with several other city states and established a monarchy. In 600 B.C. the monarchy was replaced by a group of blue persons who called themselves Archons. The nobility, in a meeting called the Ecclesia elected three Archons. The figure of Archons was subsequently changed to nine. The Aristocracy besides controlled a council called the Areopagus. As the blue power increased the small freedom the lower category had diminished, which led to several societal crises. In 621 B.C. Athenian swayer Draco, established a series of Torahs that gave terrible penalties for minor offenses. Most of the offenses were punishable by decease. Twenty-one old ages after Draco s regulation ended in 594 B.C. , Athenian leader Solon abolished the Draconian Torahs, and established new 1s that eliminated the Archons in the Ecclesia. ( Encyclopedia Vol. 1 ) Statesman besides established a council of four hundred members of separate folks to govern, which distributed power more equally. Solon besides established the foundation for democratic authorities. In 560 B.C. popular leader Pisistratus seized Athens. During Pisistratus regulation Athens became the political, economical, and spiritual centre of the part. ( Encyclopedia Vol. 1 ) Athens besides extended its power beyond the district it had originally ruled. In 510 B.C. a power battle erupted between Democratic leaders and Archons. After old ages of contending the democratic leader won. A freshly elected democratic leader Cleisthenes decreased power of the upper category so as to extinguish power battles. During the Persian war Athens played a great function in the licking of Persia by beef uping its naval forcess so as to get the better of the Iranian naval forces. Athens besides formed the Delian League, a common confederation with other city states in order to derive power and licking Persia. After the Persian War Athens became the strongest city state in Greece. Athens transformed its control over the Delian League to an imperium of over 200 city states ( Encyclopedia Vol. 1. ) As Athens new leader, Pericles, focused on regenerating the cultural, economic, and military heritage it had known in anterior old ages. Pericles appealed to the people s strive for excellence, by promoting them with quotation marks such as the esteem of the present and wining ages will be ours. By 500 B.C. Sparta had become a military world power. In 480 B.C. Sparta led other city states in get the better ofing Persia in the Iranian Wars. Sparta s power was short lived. In 464 B.C. , shortly after the Iranian Wars, a atrocious temblor hit Sparta, which caused many deceases and sparked another rebellion. Sparta was in convulsion, and Athens became the most powerful city-state. Afraid of Athenian domination Sparta started a rebellion against Athens in 431 B.C. This rebellion was known as the Peloponnesian War. The Peloponnesian War was a long and disruptive war between Sparta and Athens. When Sparta invaded Athens it split Greece into two different sides. Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes, which made up the Peloponnesian League on one side, and Athens and its other Alliess, which made up the Delian League were on the other side. The war raged on for many old ages. In 415 B.C. , Athens suffered a suppression licking at Syracuse. Following the loss at Syracuse, Athens hereafter was inexorable. In 404 B.C. Athinais surrendered to Sparta, and lost its imperium. The triumph over Athens was Sparta s last major triumph. In 371 B.C. Sparta was crushed by rival city states. Sparta was forced to give up its Messenian land and its serfs. After the annihilating licking, Sparta s system of kid raising and military preparation fell apart, and its two male monarchs were replaced by a individual monarchy. ( Encyclopedia Vol. 4 ) Sparta tried to restore itself as a military power, but neer achieved the illustriousness it had before. During the times of Athens and Sparta, their several armed forcess played a big portion in the power-struggle between the two city states. Although Sparta is known for its military accomplishments, Athens besides had a strong military. In the long tally, the power-struggle led to both city states death. Democracy, which had its roots in Athens is still around today but has been altered, improved upon, and implemented in many successful authoritiess around the universe. Sparta s military codification, which requires service from every male citizen, has besides been incorporated and altered in many other states, such as Israel. Greece has evolved from a state that was split into two separate parts to a incorporate state in which no 1 is contending over the others land. Although Athens and Sparta still exist, their one time great imperium has been diminished to the position of two metropoliss, with no regulation of its ain, but as portion of a larger state. Today apples and oranges come in many new and different assortments. Athinais and Sparta still exist but as cultural and diverse metropoliss. As Sparta and Athens provided the foundation for authorities and regulation, apples and oranges provide a edifice block for good nutrition and wellness.

How Important Is A Sample Synthesis Essay In Completing Your Essay?

How Important Is A Sample Synthesis Essay In Completing Your Essay?The sample synthesis essay should be seen as the source of a starting point. When you get your hands on it, however, you need to know exactly what you are working with. To be sure, it is much better to purchase a book that has already been composed and is therefore perfect for use.The question you should ask yourself is whether you would really find the sample essay helpful in preparing your own essay. If you have already done it once and decide it will be easier to do it again, then you have already fallen into the trap of reading the same material over again. Do not let yourself become like this.The question that you should answer is whether or not you can distinguish between what you want and what you can come up with from the book that you have purchased. The sample essay should be used in conjunction with the skills that the book has taught you. This is one way that it will help you out.The essay should not be yo ur guide when writing your own essay. It will only confuse you. Just remember that you do not need to put anything back into it when you have finished it and do not turn it into a booklet that you are going to take home and read.At first, the sample may seem interesting, but soon you will be bored. This means that you are getting on with the task at hand. Write down what you have written down so that you do not get stuck in a rut and begin to think that all is lost.Soon, you'll finish it and realize how well the topic is being dealt with. Now is the time to develop your own ideas. This is when you can determine whether the skills you learned in the book are good enough for you to start out on your own.Remember that it is far better to write out your own information and knowledge. It makes it much easier for you to go on to the next lesson. It also helps you come up with ideas that you will not have come across before.Your knowledge and understanding of the basic information on the I nternet will help you in your studies. Take some time out each day to do the basics of the essay. You will soon be able to write your own and be proud of your work.

Group Forming †Psychology Final Group Research Paper

Group Forming – Psychology Final Group Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Group Forming Psychology Final Group Research Paper Group is two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interaction. (Donelson R. Forsyth, pg.2) Group therapy is setting in a group of people support each other in making changes in their lives. Some common concerns are discomfort in social settings, depression, relationship issues, loss, anxiety, or trauma. (The university of Maine-group therapy- see QA: Isn’t individual better than group therapy) The group size is usually depend on the age of clients, experiences of leader, type of group and problem to be explored. For a weekly ongoing adult group, the ideal group size would be eight participants and one counselor. For adolescent, the ideal group size would be six to eight people. For children participant in elementary school, the ideal size would be three to four people. The frequency of the group meeting is depending on the group. If the group taking place in a school setting, the meeting time would depend on the class period. For group of relatively well-functioning adults, weekly two hours group session would be good for them. In general, the high school groups and college groups typically run about fifteen weeks. Fifteen weeks should be longer enough for people to develop trust toward behavior change. The place to held meeting should be not clutter, and allow for comfortable seating arrangement. Groups usually seat in a circle because this setting could make all participants to see each other and also allow members have enough freedom of the physical movement. (Marianne Schneider Corey and Gerald Corey, 2005) For the in-class group, we have seven participants that include six students and one professor. We usually held our meeting in the classroom, and the meeting usually runs by half hour or less than one hour. During the group meeting, we always seat in a circle. Advantage, Disadvantage and Goal of Group Group provides some advantages which include support, belonging, awareness, confrontation, universality, catharsis, vicarious learning, group as a microcosm, feedback, and simulation of primary family. For example, the group of physical difficulties. The group counseling with people who have physical difficulties, the advantage would be following: 1. Group can help people strive toward the resolution of some common by providing them with the opportunity to learn from one another through sharing common concern and problem and generating solutions to obstacles and difficulties. 2. Group offer members a forum for the emotional release of burdensome personal issues in a supportive setting. Realizing that others face similar problems tends to lessen the anxiety and fear that accompany various disabling conditions. 3. The group experience can partially alleviate the stress, pain, and misery often generated by physician disability and further aggravated by social isolation, separation from family and friend, and perceived alienation from one’s own group. 4. The group experience eases the transition into the able-bodied community. Through modeling and various socialization and social building exercise, group members learn and practice how to better deal with outside community and its various imposed barriers. 5. Through the group modality, leader are able to develop a more accurate and comprehensive psychosocial assessment of group members. 6. Development of social support network is often facilitated through the relationship formed during group counseling. Issues such as empowerment, hopefulness, search for meaning, and gaining spirituality require a support network to be fully explored. A successful platform for their exploration can be provided within a group context. (Hanoch Livneh, Lisa M Wilson, Robert E Pullo, 2004) The disadvantage of the group would be following: It’s difficult to establish trust between all members in the group. It is harder to ensure confidentiality. There is higher risk of having causalities in group It is more difficult for the counselor to track all the participants. Each group has their own goal to move on. The goal would separate two parts which include group goals and individual goal. Following are the common goals to many different types of group. Become aware of one’s interpersonal style Increase awareness of what prevent intimacy Learn how to trust oneself and others Become aware of how one’s culture affect personal decision Increase self-awareness and thereby increase the possibilities for choice and action Challenge and explore certain early decisions (most like made during childhood that may no longer by functional Recognize that others have similar problems and feelings clarify values and decide whether and how to modify them Become both independent and interdependent Find better ways to resolve problem Become more open and honest with selected others Learn a balance between support and challenge Become sensitive to the needs and feelings of others Provide others with helpful feedback (Marianne Schneider Corey, and Gerald Corey,2005, pg. 146) A good group leader has to assist group member to define a personal goal. The ASGW guideline state that group leader has responsibility to assist members in develop their personal goal in a collaborative fashion. (Marianne Schneider Corey, and Gerald Corey, 2005, pg. 148) For example, Alcoholic Anonyms (AA) Group, the goal for AA would be stop drinking, stay sobriety. For people who went to AA, AA help abuser confront difficult issues and learn to cope with life stresses more effectively. AA provide very supportive network. In our group, the advantage would be there is no judging. The fact is there is no one has an experience to work with a counseling group. Therefore, all of us here is to learn how to work with a group, how to lead a group, being a leader what should we focus on, and what should we take care of. We are here to understand and help each other to live in better life. So, there is no right or wrong answer. The main goal is to learn how to be a success counselor in our future life. The disadvantage in our in-class group would be hard to lead the group. I felt when we running a group and a leader asked anyone wants to share; we would always quiet for a period. There is no one wants to start discussion. Why Group therapy better than Individual Therapy? Group therapy is typically half the cost of individual therapy and is therefore often a first resort for people who cannot afford private sessions or steep insurance copays. (Darby Saxbe, 2005) â€Å"Research has demonstrated that almost any concern that brings you in for counseling can be dealt with in group therapy as well or even better than it can in individual therapy.† (The university of Maine-group therapy- see QA: Isn’t individual better than group therapy) â€Å"Group therapy usually more efficient than individual for two reasons which are following: First, you can benefit from group even during session when you say little by listening carefully to others. You will find you have much in common with other group member, and as they work on a concern you can learn more about yourself. Second, group members will often bring up issues that strike a chord with you, but which you might not have been aware of or brought up yourself.† (Therapy groups at CAPS- se e QA: isn’t individual therapy better?) According to Philip G Erwin’s (1999) study, he found for people who participant in structure group counseling, they often rate more positively than individual counseling. A structure training program would help participants’ focus on current tasks and prevent excessive off-task behavior. The study also point out a structure group counseling may be useful for directing and focusing activity, experience are always interpreted and the full benefit of exercises will undoubtedly accrue to those who are most fully involved and committed. Rule for running a group The first rule for running a group would be Do No Harm. Second rule would be confidentiality. When we running our in-class group, group leaders always mention those two rules which would be â€Å"Do No Harm and whatever says here, stays here†. When I participant the AA meeting, they also mention the second rules all the time. â€Å"Everything says here, stays here† To provide a safety environment is extremely important in the group. The third rule for running a group would be respectful. Each group members have to respect one another includes sex, culture, and etc. Group Process Groups always run into four stages which include Initial Stage, Transition Stage, Working Stage, and Ending or Termination Stage. Initial Stage: ? Characteristics of initial stage: ? Participants test the atmosphere and get acquainted ? Risk taking is relatively low, and exploration in tentative ? Members are concerned with whether thy are include or exclude ? Trust and mistrust is a central issues ? Period of silence and awkwardness may occur ? Member are deciding how much they will disclosed and how safe the group is ? Common fear experienced by group members: o Anxiety over being accepted or rejected o Concern about the judgment of others o Afraid of appearing stupid o Concerns about not fitting into the group o Not knowing what is expected o Concern over communication feelings and thoughts effectively ? Advantage of developing here and now focus ? Dealing with the here and now energizes the group ? Members are best know by disclosing here and now experience ? Being in the here and now serves as a spring borad for exploring everyday life ? Leader attitude and behavior that generate test ? Careful attending the genuine listening empathy ? Empathy ? Genuineness and self-disclosure ? Respect ? Caring confrontation ? Group leader issues at the initial stage ? Division of responsibility- how to achieve a balance of sharing responsibility with members ? Degree of structuring- creating a structure that will enable members to make maximum use a group process ? Opening group session- how to best open group and help member gain a focus ? Closing group session0 how to best bring a session to closure without closing down further work later on? ? Rounds: We will address next week. (Walter,2005) I remembered the first experience when I walking to the class, I felt nervous, anxious. The first night, we had ice break activity. The purpose of the activity is to make all of us to know more about each other. When we started to run the group, I felt a little bit uncomfortable, because I am going to share the stuff with people that I am not familiar with, that really feel not so good because I don’t know I can trust them or not. Sep. 14 is the first of our in-class group meeting, we were talking about self-image. I shared my experience regarding language barriers that would make me frustrated. Jan and Terry also shared their experience regarding people misunderstand them would make them frustrated. Jan shared her experience regarding when she is not angry and people keep asking her are you angry? That would make her frustrated and then, really angry at the end. At the begging, I felt it would be really hard to start to talk about. But, after I started, I felt it is not hard, especially, I felt all of you were respect me, and really pay attention regarding what I said in the group. All of the members support me to share my experience that was really positive to me. I felt people wanted to listen to me; they cared about what I said. None of you cut off when I was speaking. It made me felt safe and support of the environment. A counselor to provide a safety environment is very important in this stage because most of the member would felt uncomfortable at the beginning. To provide a safety environment would keep members to stay in the group. We should give newcomer a positive experience of their first meeting. If we provide a negative experience to our clients, they would never come back. Transition Stage ? Characteristic of the transition stage ? Transitional phase is marked by feeling of anxiety and defenses ? Member are ? Testing the leader and other members to determine how safe the environment is ? Struggling between wanting to ply it safe and wanting to risk getting involved ? Observing the leader to determine if he or she is trustworthy ? Learning how to express themselves so that others will listen ? Thought on dealing with resistance therapeutically ? Don’t label all hesitations as a sign of resistance ? Respect resistance- realize that member resistance may be serving a function ? Invite members to explore the meaning of what appears to be resistance ? Describe behavior of members-avoid making too many interpretations ? Approach resistance with interest, understanding, and compassion ? Common fears at the transition stage ? Fear of making a fool of oneself ? Fear of emptiness ? Fear of lose control ? Fear of being too emotional ? Fear of self-disclosure ? Fear of taking too much o group time ? Fear of being judged ? Leader function during the Transition group ? Show member the value of recognizing and dealing fully with conflict situations ? Help members to recognized their own pattern of defensiveness ? Teach members to respect resistance and to work constructively with the many forms it tasks ? Provide a model for members by dealing directly and tearfully with any challenge ? Encourage members to express reactions that pertain to here and now happening in the session Working Stage ? Key point in working stage ? There are no arbitrary dividing line between each stage of group ? Group development ebbs and flows- does not stay static ? Work can occur at every stage-not just the working stage ? Not all group reach a working stage ? Not all members are functioning at the same level in a working stage ? Group norm and behavior at the working stage ? Both support and challenge to take risk in group ? Leader use a variety of therapeutic interventions ? Members interact with each other in more direct way ? Healing capacity develops within the group ? Increased group cohesion fosters action-oriented behaviors ? Characteristic of a productive group ? Conflict in the group is recognized and explored ? Members are willing to make themselves known ? Trust are safety are increased ? There is a focus on the here and now ? Goals of members are clear and specific ? Cohesion is high-a sense of emotional bonding in the group ? Characteristic of nonworking group ? Mistrust is manifested by an undercurrent of unexpressed feelings ? Participants focus more on others than themselves ? Participants hold back- disclosure is minimal ? Members may feel distant from one another ? Conflicts are ignored or avoided ? Communicational is unclear and indirect The film- Twelve Angry Men is a good movie to present this stage. In the movie, twelve juries are working on the same goal. The goal is clear and specific for them; the goal is to decide the boy is guilty or not. According the movie, we can see the members interact with each other more directed way. They have conflict during the process. For example, character number 3 had been fight with character number 8. They are focus here and now during the process, such as, they focus on every question they had been raised, and try to solve the problem together. Like the glass mark on the nose. In the film, both support and challenge take risk in the group. During the group process, character number 8 had been raise a big issues for other juries, and then, he encourage others to share their idea, also encourage them to find out more evidence to prove the boy might probably not guilty. Nov 16th, I believe Chris play an amazing job on working stage. During the group session, he asked couple of questions that make all of us to think about the film again. He provide the positive feedback during the group session, for example, when Terry point out the Character number 8 were like angry in the film because he is the only one who wear White. Chris gave the positive feedback to Terry, such as, â€Å"yes, you are right, when think about the film again, when he was stand in front of the window, he is the only one who were white, others were blacks.† Then, Chris made other question that made us interesting about the topic. For example, he raised the problem like, â€Å"Let’s talks about other characters in the film, and is there are anyone thinks they would change? And what they get from the group?† And, that really make all of us to discuss the character regarding what their got from the group, and what kind of issue they might changed, and how could I see the point of that person. During the group session, he listened to us, he brings issues that make all of us to find the comment, he also encouraged us to talk about their experience and he give a positive feedback. Termination Stage ? Tasks of the final stage of group ? Dealing with feeling of separation and unfinished business ? Review the group experience ? Preview the group experience ? Practice for behavior change ? Giving and receiving feedback ? Ways of carrying learning further ? The use of contract and homework ? Leader functions during the ending phase of group ? Assist members in dealing with any feeling they might have about termination ? Reinforce changes that members have made during the group ? Work with members to develop specific contracts and homework assignment ? Provide opportunities for members to give one another constructive feedback ? Reemphasize the importance of maintaining confidentiality after group is over ? Leader function after termination of group ? Offer private consultations if any member should need this service ? Provide for a follow-up group session or follow-up individual interviews ? Identify referral sources for members who may need further assistance ? Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the group ? Giving and receive feedback at the ending stage The sentence completion method can enhance the quality of feedback can result in focus feedback, such as following: ? My greatest fear for you is†¦ ? My hope for you is.. ? I see you blocking your strengths by†¦ ? Some things I hope you will think about doing for yourself are†¦ ? Applying what is learned in group to everyday life Members can reminded of way to translate what was learned in group and assisted in developing action plans geared to change, such as following: ? A group is a means to an end ? Change is bound to be slow and subtle ? Focus more on changing yourself than on changing others ? Decide what you will do with what you learned about yourself (Walter, 2005, lecture six) According to our in-class group experience, we did not run into this stage. But, according to Corey’s videotape, he did present this stage very well. In this stage, it is very important for group members to bring the power from the group to outside. Being a good counselor, we have to challenge client to make contract, have homework, make them realize the unfinished business, and etc. For client, it’s all about what you learning, how did you lean, and what do you think you taking away from the group. Those are the issues present in Termination stage. If I am a group leader who is going to run Termination stage, I will give homework to all of my group members on the session before the last meeting. The homework is to review your experience about the group. You can put your thinking, what did you learn from the group, the group experience which would be significant for you and etc. On the last day of the course, I want my group members to share what they wrote in the group. And, I would also want them to make a contract to the group regarding unfinished business. I want my groups walk out the door; and still remember the experience they got from the group. The experience would help them and encourage them keep working in their life. What would influence the group development? George Smith (2001) mention there are three factors that McCollom (1999) point out would affect the group development. The factors are (1) group’s relationship with its environment, (2) internal group relations, and (3) the group’s temporal boundaries. The group’s environment would influence the group relationship. Such as, the large organization can affect group process in terms of authority relations and in the defining of group tasks. Internal relations would also affect on group development. That included the composition and site of the group and skills and personalities of group members. The study shows the leadership dynamic and subgroup relations within the group are potential forces that could affect group development. The group’s temporal boundaries are also another element affect group development. McCollom notes groups are like other living system therefore, their lives are finite. Another important time-related factor is what McCollom refers to as â€Å"temporal context.† â€Å"Temporal context reers to things such as seasonal cycles or historal evenbts, presumably past, present and future, and could affect how a group operated, develops, and perhaps even changes over time.† Role in group There are three different roles which include leadership, observer and participant would be presenting in the group. ? Leadership- â€Å"Leadership is influence, operating, and improving. Influence client by providing purpose, direction, and motivation. Operating is an action taken to achieve the sort term goals of accomplishing the overall goals. Group leader would operating planning preparing, executing, and assessing. Improving is group leader strive to improve everything entrusting to them. Group leader would improve on people, training opportunities, and resource for clients. There are five different leader styles which are following: 1. Directing leader style- ? Leader Centered ? Don’t solicit input form clients ? Give detailed instructions ? Supervise execution very colsely 2. Participating leader style- ? Center pm the leader and the group ? Leader ask clients for input, information and recommendations ? Make final decision themselves 3. Delegating leader style- ? Giving clients the authority to solve problems and make decision without clearing them thought the leader. 4. Transformational- Transform clients by challenging them to rise above their immediate needs and self interest: ? Is developmental, emphasizes personal growth and organizational enhancement ? Empowering and mentally stimulating client (first as individuals then as a groups) ? Leader communicates intent then steps back and let clients work. The impact of transformation leadership on the group would be following ? Impact ? Recruiting-selection, promotion, and transfer ? Development ? Training ? Approach to training ? Leadership education ? Job design and assignment ? Organizational structure 5. Transactional- ? Motivating clients to work by offering reward or threatening punishment ? Prescribing tasks in writing ? Outlining all condictions of task completion ? Management by exception-focus on failures† ( Walter, 2005) Our in-class group is hard to assign a group leader each time. The first time experience to participant the group is a treasure for group leader, because the emotion, feeling that you had at that moment would guild you to understand a new comer’s emotion and feeling. ? Observer- Being an observer in the group, I have to know who is participant the group, the position of their role, to understand the whole process regarding what type of the issue bring to the group, the interaction between the members, and etc. Those are important to address. For our in-class group, I tried to put myself to be an observer every time. Being an observer I have to know who set where, and the interaction between the members. On Nov 16th, Chris was a leader to lead us to running to the group regarding the topic to discuss the film of twelve angry men. We were set in a circle, the turn would be Chris, Dr. Walter, Darrel, Terry, me, Daniel, and Jan, (left turn) The stage would be working stage. Chris asked couple of questions that make all of us to think about the film again. When Terry point out the Character number 8 were like angry in the film because he is the only one who wear White. Chris gave the positive feedback to Terry, such as, â€Å"yes, you are right, when think about the film again, when he was stand in front of the window, he is the only one who were white, others were blacks.† The question that Chris had raised, make us interesting on the topic. I do believe he create an amazing job on Work stage. He listened to us, he gave issues that make all of us to find the comment, and he also encouraged people to talk about their experience. For example, he raised the problem like, â€Å"Let’s talks about other characters in the film, is there are anyone think they would change? And what they get from the group?† that really make all of us to discuss the character regarding what their got from the group, and what kind of issue they might changed, and how could I see the point of that person.† To observer AA meeting, make me realize what is AA, how’s the group function, the interaction between the members. AA is self-funning group. People would attend AA because they want to stop drink. Stop drinking is their specific goal. In the group, I saw the connection between the members which was they all had drinking problem; therefore, thy found the common between them. During the group session, I saw safety, trusting, and confidentiality. They all focus on themselves, not other people, not the relationship with any one else. They just focus on themselves. They shared their life stories, they might cry in the group. The advantage for people to attend AA was there was no judge. For me, to attending AA is a great experience to combine with our group counseling course because I saw the group running exactly what I learned. I saw what is AA, the goal for AA, how could AA running, what would AA provide to people, and the interaction between the members. ? Participant- usual participant experience. Add the feeling, and what do I see in AA In our group session, I do have more chance to being a participant. I still remember the first experience to participant the group. I am anxious, nervous, and not comfortable to talk to people who I am not familiar with regarding my problem in my life. Attending our group meeting make me realize there are some connect between us. For example, when we discuss self-image, I found the common connection between all of the people in the classroom. The language barriers make me frustrated when people misunderstand. Sometimes the tone and the statement were all make me frustrated. Jen and Terry also talked about what people misunderstand them, which would make them frustrated, too. Jan shared her experience regarding when she is not angry, and people keep tell her or ask her regarding â€Å"you are angry†, that would make her frustrated and angry at the end. Our In-class running group, we had been discussing different topics that full in our life. The first time experience would be a trouser for me because the feeling I got at the moment would be the same feeling that newcomer might have. Multicultural â€Å"Self-disclosure is a central behavior in group counseling, which is fundamental to all therapeutic factors in group work. The behavior is particular sensitivity to cultural differences when comparing collectivist authoritarian societies with individualist, democratic ones.† (Zipora Shechtman, Aya Hiradin, and Samahar Zina, 2003) Counselors are ethnically responsible for developing skills to communicate effectively with clients from other cultures. Therefore, a white counselor should be striving to obtain both actual experience and information about specific Black cultural group and their worldviews. The counselor should take time to find out from the client about those aspects of his or her culture that are particularly significant to the counseling relationship. Counselors also need to acquaint themselves with how their cross-cultural clients refer to themselves and their own communities. A professional counselor should create a positive regard, and empathy, has the potential to span cultural boundaries. (Jurdora J. Spangenerg, 2003) There is a real study of a support group for Asian international students by Loetta L. Carr, Miki Koyama, and Monica Thiagarajan (2003) They point out to assist cross culture groups especially international students, counseling has to know the culture values, beliefs, and etc. For Asian students, they think to see counseling as shameful and embarrassing because a cultural stigma is often attached to emotional expression in their societies. A professional counselor has to build up support, safe environment when he/ she work with multicultural group. In this study, â€Å"the support group is seeing for socializing; practicing English; addressing academic, personal and social concern, and acculturation stresses; and receiving support from culturally sensitive counselor.† I am an international student in U.S.A., I could understand when people coming from different country their emotion, and thinking. My experience tells me to help those students to give support and a positive feedback and listen to them are the best way to encourage those students to move on. I still remembered the pain of prejudice, and non-respect. Therefore, those are good lesson for me when I face people who coming from different ethic group. Personal Growth The first day of the counseling session, I was nervous, anxious, little bit afraid, don’t know what should I talk to others. Until, I was kind families, understand, and comfortable to be with each one of the classmate. Who else do I see the growth for our in-class group? I did have chance to work with each participant in our class. And, I got deep impression of Jan. Jan had two experience to lead our in-class group. I personal felt she did the first one better than second one. But, the second one, she did pay attention on On Dec. 7th, is the first time, I had an experience to work with Jan. we have to practice training exercise number one which is a college student who have a problem regarding her school. She thinks she is not good enough in U of C. And, she is the first person to pursue a college education in her family. In this case, I was a student, and Jan was a counselor. When we role play this case, I felt she really concerned about my case. Her questions were right on target. For example, is there are any problem that makes you cannot concentrate on your reading? How about your time management? How many courses do you take this semester? She also did a good job regarding referral. Such as, she suggests me to find a tutor. I felt what she had been done on the role play; she did followed ADDRESSING, ADDIE, and BASIC ID. ADDRESSING- o A- age and generational influences o D-development o D-disabo;otoes o R-religious and spiritual orientation o E-ethnicity o S-socioeconomic status o S-sexual orientation o I-indigenous heritage o N-national origin o Gender ADDIE o A-Analysis o D-Design o D-Development o I-Implement o E-evaluate BASIC-ID o Behavior o Affect o Sensation o Imagery o Cognition o Interpersonal o Drug/biology (Walter, Lecture #10, 2005) What else do I learn from the class? On Nov. 30th is my first time to being a counselor. I volunteer to be a counselor with Dem’s case. Terry was a role of Dem. I took the chance to be a counselor because of two reasons; first, I never have chance of role play for the counselor. Second, I really want to see what I grew after taking many of the counseling courses. Third, I felt more comfortable to role play in front of you-Dr. Walter because since I have class with you, you always support me a lot. Being a success counselor, there are five different parts that we have to pay attention, which are Attending, paraphrasing and summarizing, Reflect the feeling, Getting Concrete, and Referral. (1) Attending includes- direct eye contact, body language/post out, focus, listen to client, smooth and clam. When student come to your office, a counselor should stand up and welcome the student. The office should be always open and welcome. (2) Paraphrasing and Summarizing- is to stop client rambling. Counselor should make a cl ear statement regarding what client told you. You may make clear statement about client’s feeling. In this part, I Research Papers on Group Forming - Psychology Final Group Research PaperThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetResearch Process Part OneThe Fifth HorsemanThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaThe Project Managment Office System19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Changes in recent years to private health insurance Essay

Changes in recent years to private health insurance - Essay Example people reported that they could not afford to purchase a health insurance or the costs of these insurances is too expensive.1 Aiming to encourage more people to acquire a health insurance, the Australian government took the initiative in offer a 30% rebate on the cost of private health insurance premiums for people between the age bracket of 0 – 64; a 35% rebate for people aged 65 to 69; and a 40% rebate will be given to people ages 70 and above.2 The said rebates is claimable either as a reduction on the insurance premium as soon as the payment is made to the private insurer or as a rebate through the individual’s tax return. In line with the new structure set by the Australian government, this study will focus on discussing several issues which will serve as strong evidences that the 1/3 rebate strategy has been ineffective and unsuccessful in increasing the sales of private health insurance as well as maintaining the quality of the overall all health services in the country. The main goal of Australian Federal Government for implementing a 30 – 40% rebate system in private health insurance is to improve the health of Australian citizens through payments and information.3 In line with the said goal, Medicare works with the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing to improve its connection with the health sector. In September 2002, a total of 79.4% of the medical services that was performed in the hospitals was fully paid by the Australian government. This increased to 82.7% in December 2005.4 As a control measure, the local authorities implemented a ‘co-payment agreement’ to those who wishes to avail the medical services in the hospitals. According to Tracy Schrader, â€Å"any transfer of payment for health care from taxation to user-fees only benefits the wealthy.†5 This is primarily because of the fact that wealthy people will have a better access to the health facilities at a much lower costs. On the other hand, people belonging to

Intro to the Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to the Humanities - Essay Example The music of this era was very expressive, and melody became the central feature. Composers even used melody to display nationalism. This became a motivating force in the late Romantic period, as composers used rudiments of folk music to express their cultural identity. The romantic generation saw Beethoven as their ideal of a heroic artiste, a man who first devoted the Eroica Symphony to Consul Bonaparte as a champion of freedom and then dared Emperor Napoleon by striking him out from the dedication of the Symphony In the Romantic period, the virtuoso performances gained great popularity. Extraordinarily gifted performers - pianists, violinists, and singers all became extremely popular. Franz Liszt personified all of the great ambitions of the Romantic era, and several of its contradictions. In his early career, he was an extravagant virtuoso, an architect of new and adventurous music. Later, he became a priest, wrote sacred music, and championed the music of a new generation. As a virtuoso pianist, he filled his piano music with unbelievable technical demands, and represents the ultimate in nineteenth century virtuosity. George Gordon, Lord Byron was an Anglo-Scottish bard and a leading figure in Romanticism. Among Lord Byrons best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He was considered as one of the greatest European poets and remains widely read even today. Lord Byrons fame was due not only on his works but also on his life, which was marked by extravagant living, plentiful love affairs, debts, separation, and charges of incest and sodomy.The Byronic hero first created in Childe Harolds Pilgrimage is an idealized, but flawed, character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron .Thomas B. Macauley defined the Byronic hero as, â€Å"proud moody, cynical with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart implacable in revenge yet capable of deep and